Internet Addiction and Relationships with Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Self-Esteem in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study.
Identifieur interne : 000E68 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000E67; suivant : 000E69Internet Addiction and Relationships with Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Self-Esteem in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study.
Auteurs : Farah Younes [Liban] ; Ghinwa Halawi [Liban] ; Hicham Jabbour [Liban] ; Nada El Osta [Liban, France] ; Latife Karam [Liban] ; Aline Hajj [Liban] ; Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz [Liban]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Anxiété (complications), Comportement toxicomaniaque (complications), Comportement toxicomaniaque (physiopathologie), Comportement toxicomaniaque (psychologie), Comportement toxicomaniaque (épidémiologie), Dépression (complications), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Internet (MeSH), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Prévalence (MeSH), Stress psychologique (complications), Troubles de l'endormissement et du maintien du sommeil (complications), Universités (MeSH), Études transversales (MeSH), Étudiant médecine (psychologie).
- MESH :
- physiopathologie : Comportement toxicomaniaque.
- psychologie : Comportement toxicomaniaque, Étudiant médecine.
- épidémiologie : Comportement toxicomaniaque.
- complications : Adulte, Anxiété, Comportement toxicomaniaque, Dépression, Femelle, Humains, Internet, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Prévalence, Stress psychologique, Troubles de l'endormissement et du maintien du sommeil, Universités, Études transversales.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Anxiety (complications), Behavior, Addictive (complications), Behavior, Addictive (epidemiology), Behavior, Addictive (physiopathology), Behavior, Addictive (psychology), Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH), Depression (complications), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Internet (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Prevalence (MeSH), Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (complications), Stress, Psychological (complications), Students, Medical (psychology), Universities (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- complications : Anxiety, Behavior, Addictive, Depression, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Stress, Psychological.
- epidemiology : Behavior, Addictive.
- physiopathology : Behavior, Addictive.
- psychology : Behavior, Addictive, Students, Medical.
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Prevalence, Universities, Young Adult.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Internet addiction (IA) could be a major concern in university medical students aiming to develop into health professionals. The implications of this addiction as well as its association with sleep, mood disorders and self-esteem can hinder their studies, impact their long-term career goals and have wide and detrimental consequences for society as a whole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Assess potential IA in university medical students, as well as factors associated with it; 2) Assess the relationships between potential IA, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem.
METHODS
Our study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among 600 students of three faculties: medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at Saint-Joseph University. Four validated and reliable questionnaires were used: the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).
RESULTS
The average YIAT score was 30 ± 18.474; Potential IA prevalence rate was 16.8% (95% confidence interval: 13.81-19.79%) and it was significantly different between males and females (p-value = 0.003), with a higher prevalence in males (23.6% versus 13.9%). Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem (p-value < 0.001); ISI and DASS sub-scores were higher and self-esteem lower in students with potential IA.
CONCLUSIONS
Identifying students with potential IA is important because this addiction often coexists with other psychological problems. Therefore, interventions should include not only IA management but also associated psychosocial stressors such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161126
PubMed: 27618306
PubMed Central: PMC5019372
Affiliations:
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Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Osta, Nada" sort="El Osta, Nada" uniqKey="El Osta N" first="Nada" last="El Osta">Nada El Osta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clermont University, University of Auvergne, CROC-EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clermont University, University of Auvergne, CROC-EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Auvergne (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Clermont-Ferrand</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karam, Latife" sort="Karam, Latife" uniqKey="Karam L" first="Latife" last="Karam">Latife Karam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy department, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmacy department, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajj, Aline" sort="Hajj, Aline" uniqKey="Hajj A" first="Aline" last="Hajj">Aline Hajj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbaa Khabbaz, Lydia" sort="Rabbaa Khabbaz, Lydia" uniqKey="Rabbaa Khabbaz L" first="Lydia" last="Rabbaa Khabbaz">Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Anxiety (complications)</term><term>Behavior, Addictive (complications)</term><term>Behavior, Addictive (epidemiology)</term><term>Behavior, Addictive (physiopathology)</term><term>Behavior, Addictive (psychology)</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Depression (complications)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Internet (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Prevalence (MeSH)</term><term>Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (complications)</term><term>Stress, Psychological (complications)</term><term>Students, Medical (psychology)</term><term>Universities (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Anxiété (complications)</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (complications)</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (physiopathologie)</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (psychologie)</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (épidémiologie)</term><term>Dépression (complications)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Internet (MeSH)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Prévalence (MeSH)</term><term>Stress psychologique (complications)</term><term>Troubles de l'endormissement et du maintien du sommeil (complications)</term><term>Universités (MeSH)</term><term>Études transversales (MeSH)</term><term>Étudiant médecine (psychologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Anxiety</term><term>Behavior, Addictive</term><term>Depression</term><term>Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders</term><term>Stress, Psychological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Behavior, Addictive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Behavior, Addictive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term><term>Étudiant médecine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Behavior, Addictive</term><term>Students, Medical</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internet</term><term>Male</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Universities</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Anxiété</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term><term>Dépression</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Internet</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Stress psychologique</term><term>Troubles de l'endormissement et du maintien du sommeil</term><term>Universités</term><term>Études transversales</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND AND AIMS</b></p><p>Internet addiction (IA) could be a major concern in university medical students aiming to develop into health professionals. The implications of this addiction as well as its association with sleep, mood disorders and self-esteem can hinder their studies, impact their long-term career goals and have wide and detrimental consequences for society as a whole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Assess potential IA in university medical students, as well as factors associated with it; 2) Assess the relationships between potential IA, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Our study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among 600 students of three faculties: medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at Saint-Joseph University. Four validated and reliable questionnaires were used: the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>The average YIAT score was 30 ± 18.474; Potential IA prevalence rate was 16.8% (95% confidence interval: 13.81-19.79%) and it was significantly different between males and females (p-value = 0.003), with a higher prevalence in males (23.6% versus 13.9%). Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem (p-value < 0.001); ISI and DASS sub-scores were higher and self-esteem lower in students with potential IA.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Identifying students with potential IA is important because this addiction often coexists with other psychological problems. Therefore, interventions should include not only IA management but also associated psychosocial stressors such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27618306</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Internet Addiction and Relationships with Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Self-Esteem in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0161126</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0161126</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND AND AIMS" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Internet addiction (IA) could be a major concern in university medical students aiming to develop into health professionals. The implications of this addiction as well as its association with sleep, mood disorders and self-esteem can hinder their studies, impact their long-term career goals and have wide and detrimental consequences for society as a whole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Assess potential IA in university medical students, as well as factors associated with it; 2) Assess the relationships between potential IA, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Our study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among 600 students of three faculties: medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at Saint-Joseph University. Four validated and reliable questionnaires were used: the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The average YIAT score was 30 ± 18.474; Potential IA prevalence rate was 16.8% (95% confidence interval: 13.81-19.79%) and it was significantly different between males and females (p-value = 0.003), with a higher prevalence in males (23.6% versus 13.9%). Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem (p-value < 0.001); ISI and DASS sub-scores were higher and self-esteem lower in students with potential IA.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Identifying students with potential IA is important because this addiction often coexists with other psychological problems. Therefore, interventions should include not only IA management but also associated psychosocial stressors such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Younes</LastName><ForeName>Farah</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Halawi</LastName><ForeName>Ghinwa</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jabbour</LastName><ForeName>Hicham</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>El Osta</LastName><ForeName>Nada</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clermont University, University of Auvergne, CROC-EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Karam</LastName><ForeName>Latife</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy department, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hajj</LastName><ForeName>Aline</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rabbaa Khabbaz</LastName><ForeName>Lydia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001007" MajorTopicYN="N">Anxiety</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016739" MajorTopicYN="N">Behavior, Addictive</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003430" MajorTopicYN="N">Cross-Sectional Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003863" MajorTopicYN="N">Depression</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020407" MajorTopicYN="Y">Internet</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015995" MajorTopicYN="N">Prevalence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007319" MajorTopicYN="N">Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013315" MajorTopicYN="N">Stress, Psychological</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013337" MajorTopicYN="N">Students, Medical</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014495" MajorTopicYN="Y">Universities</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>31</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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